

Usually these sort of studies include embodied emissions including all of the inputs that go into building the car. This article here: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/when-do-electric-vehicles-become-cleaner-than-gasoline-cars-2021-06-29/
focuses on new-to-new comparisons, but if you subtract the embodied emissions of around 8M tonnes of CO2 for the model 3, it looks like the break even point using the US electricity supply in 2021 is around 4.5 years. And that is probably a bit conservative given that:
- The energy supply has gotten cleaner since then
- It is compared to a Toyota Corolla which is a quite efficient petrol car (although bulkier SUV EVs etc would come out worse too so it depends)
Of course, it also depends on how much the car is used. If you use a used ICE car extremely infrequently the crossover point will be later.
Here’s a research article I have gotten around to reading yet but you may find interesting: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095965262300269X
You might have to go to annas-archive and the like to get the content however.








See what happened to Xiaomi bootloader unlocking for an example of this in action.